Foundations of Foreign Trade: PTA, FTA, and Customs Union

— Att. İrem Sultan Gülden, LL.M. February 25, 2026 The fundamental factor determining costs and legal obligations in import and export operations is how the economic and commercial relationship between the trading countries is regulated. This field is often shaped by international agreements aimed at ensuring economic integration and developing foreign trade. Through these agreements,…

Significant Amendment in the Communiqué Regarding Decree No. 32 on the Protection of the Value of Turkish Currency

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M March 7, 2025 On March 6, 2025, an amendment was published in the Official Gazette, modifying paragraphs 9 and 15 of Article 8 of the Communiqué Regarding Decree No. 32 on the Protection of the Value of Turkish Currency. The amendment to paragraph 9 provides significant flexibility to the…

Foreign Currency Clauses in Movable Sales and Lease Contracts

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Dec 2, 2024 The sale of movable goods constitutes a significant part of commerce. It’s almost inevitable, particularly for imported commercial goods, that the sales price is determined based on or indexed to a foreign currency. Similarly, lease agreements concerning movable properties that are linked to foreign exchange are…

Prohibition of Foreign Currency-Denominated Contracts: Legal Structure and Conditions

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Nov 25, 2024 The prohibition of foreign currency-denominated contracts is the ban on stipulating the consideration (price) and payment obligations arising from certain types of contracts in foreign currency or indexed to foreign currency. The contracts within the scope of this prohibition are primarily those executed between residents of…

Security of Transactions in International Contracts

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Dec 19, 2024 Natural persons or legal entities may contract with foreigners. Concluding a contract requires all contracting parties to have the capacity to act. In other words, the capacity to act denotes that a person is competent to have rights and liabilities through his or her own actions.…

Legal Perspective on Crowdfunding in Europe Part III: Investor Protection

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Nov 22, 2023 For the financial markets, a well-established investor protection regime ensured by law is crucial to encourage investors to finance firms.[1] The financial markets and the economy grow where investors are protected effectively by regulations. This is also significant in the crowdfunding market. Given the high ratio…

Legal Perspective on Crowdfunding in Europe Part II: Elaboration on the European Crowdfunding Regulation

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Oct 31, 2023 In this blog series of which you are reading Part II, I reflect on crowdfunding in Europe and the regulatory framework governing this area. In this post — Part II, I aim to elaborate on the European Crowdfunding Regulation. I will first set the scene by…

Legal Perspective on Crowdfunding in Europe Part I: The Concept of Crowdfunding

— Att. Irem Sultan Gulden, LL.M Oct 8, 2023 As the financial world is getting digitalised perpetually, it is not surprising to see digital complementaries to traditional ways of raising capital. Although in modern finance we mostly see digital platforms facilitating crowdfunding, it is not a newcomer at all. Its roots reach back to the…